Given that the two bird species are insectivorous and follow ant swarms to obtain flushed prey, these interactions suggest that following sengis represents an adaptive foraging strategy. In all instances, the birds closely followed the giant sengis who were moving and foraging in the leaf litter.
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Using camera traps and direct observations, we recorded interactions between three species of giant sengi (Rhynchocyon sp.) and two insectivorous bird species from six forests in Tanzania. Here, I present a novel bird‐ungulate cleaning interaction in an African savanna involving African paradise flycatchers (Terpsiphone viridis) and two spiral horned antelope: greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus). In African savannas, cleaning associations primarily comprise facultative interactions between birds and mammals.
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In cleaning associations, individuals known as "cleaners" remove and feed on parasites and pests found on, or around other animals known as "clients". These observations document a rare feeding strategy for the African paradise flycatcher and are among the few records on cleaning interactions involving the removal of unattached pests. On multiple occasions, I observed African paradise flycatchers hawking flying insects around greater kudu and a Cape bushbuck during the dry season at the Mpala Research Centre in Laikipia, Kenya. In this short note, I report a novel facultative bird–ungulate cleaning association involving the removal of unattached pests, between the African paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone viridis) and two species of spiral‐horned antelope (Tragelaphus spp.): greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) and Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus). Few reports, however, exist on cleaning associations that involve the removal of unattached pests. In African savannas, cleaning associations primarily comprise facultative interactions between mammals and birds that remove attached parasites. In cleaning associations, individuals known as “cleaners” remove and feed on parasites and pests found on, or around, other animals known as “clients.” While best documented in marine environments and as mutualisms, cleaning associations are widespread in terrestrial systems and range along a spectrum of obligate to facultative associations. The lack of quantitative information on these feeding associations limits the conclusions that can be drawn, although their significance for the obligate ectoparasite gleaners, Buphagus species, appears to be clear. The possible significance of bird/mammal feeding associations in their biology and conservation is outlined. Hypothetical courses In the evolution of the more complex feeding associations are discussed. In the most widespread and common feeding association the bird obtains cryptic prey items flushed by the mammal, The opportunistic nature of most bird/mammal feeding associations is stressed. Five major categories of feeding association are identified, which differ in relative importance in the various habitat types of Africa. 96 species of birds show, or possibly show, some form of feeding associations with mammals. Ostrich 52:135–155.Feeding associations between African birds and mammals are defined.
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A review of African birds feeding in association with mammals.